tRNA modifications are dynamically regulated and catalyzed by tRNA modification enzymes; mutations or dysregulation of these modifiers are linked to diseases such as microcephaly and type 2 diabetes. Arraystar's solution profiles enzyme expression with the NuRNA™ tRNA Modification Enzymes PCR Array, quantifies global modification levels by LC-MS, and maps modification sites at base resolution.
Three complementary layers of evidence for enzyme function
Chemical modifications are dynamically regulated and catalyzed by tRNA modification enzymes [1]. Mutations or dysregulation of tRNA modifiers have been associated with diseases, for example, mutations in cytosine-5 RNA methyltransferase (NSUN2) with microcephaly [2] and t6A methylthiolation enzymes with type 2 diabetes [3]. How tRNA modifications are regulated by tRNA modification enzymes is in need of study.
Arraystar's RNA modifying enzyme solution combines three layers of evidence: the NuRNA™ Human tRNA Modification Enzymes PCR Array profiles the expression of 85 enzymes and protein factors; LC-MS based tRNA modification analysis quantifies 55 nucleoside modifications globally; and tRNA Modification Seq, m7G TRAC-Seq, and m3C HAC-Seq map specific modifications at single-base resolution to confirm enzyme targets.
This solution links tRNA modification enzymes to their targets and mechanisms by profiling enzyme expression (NuRNA™ PCR Array), quantifying global modification levels (LC-MS), and mapping modification sites at base resolution (Modification Seq, TRAC-Seq, HAC-Seq), supporting disease mechanism studies.
Enzyme mechanism services — combine expression profiling, global quantification, and site mapping
| Service Name | Profiling Layer | Price |
|---|---|---|
| NuRNA™ tRNA Modification Enzymes PCR Array | Expression of 85 tRNA modification enzymes | |
| LC-MS Based tRNA Modification Analysis | 55 nucleoside modifications (global profile) | |
| tRNA Modification Seq – m1A, m3C, m1G, m2,2G | Single-base resolution for 4 methylation types | |
| m7G TRAC-Seq | m7G sites at single-nucleotide resolution | |
| m3C HAC-Seq | m3C sites at single-nucleotide resolution |
Why choose Arraystar for enzyme mechanism studies
The first commercial PCR panel profiling 85 validated or predicted tRNA modification enzymes and protein factors.
LC-MS quantifies 55 nucleoside modifications to capture the overall modification landscape.
Confirm enzyme targets at nucleotide-level accuracy with chemical-specific methods.
Array assays validated across many tissues and cell lines with full quality controls.
Enzyme–disease links including NSUN2–microcephaly and CDKAL1–type 2 diabetes.
Expression, quantification, and site mapping combined in one research program.
tRNA modification enzymes and disease
tRNAs are heavily decorated posttranscriptionally with numerous chemical modifications. The modifications are essential for shaping up, fine tuning, and regulating all aspects of tRNA functioning, such as folding, stability, and decoding. These chemical modifications are dynamically regulated and catalyzed by tRNA modification enzymes [1].
Mutations or dysregulation of tRNA modifiers have been associated with diseases, for example, mutations in cytosine-5 RNA methyltransferase (NSUN2) with microcephaly [2] and t6A methylthiolation enzymes with type 2 diabetes [3]. The emerging importance of tRNA modifications in diseases calls for additional work [4, 5].
From samples to enzyme–modification–disease links
RNA quality and quantity assessment before the project proceeds, with small-RNA-retaining purification.
The NuRNA™ tRNA Modification Enzymes PCR Array profiles the expression of 85 enzymes and protein factors.
LC-MS quantifies 55 nucleoside modifications to capture the global modification profile of the samples.
Select the sequencing method by target: Modification Seq (m1A, m3C, m1G, m2,2G), TRAC-Seq (m7G), or HAC-Seq (m3C).
Correlate enzyme expression changes with modification levels and sites to identify targets and mechanisms.
Deliverables for enzyme mechanism projects
Each service includes detailed bioinformatics. Array projects deliver expression data with quality controls and analysis tools; LC-MS projects deliver raw and normalized peak data with chromatograms; sequencing projects deliver modification sites, levels, and motif analyses.
Enzyme target and mechanism research across disease
Mutations in cytosine-5 RNA methyltransferase (NSUN2) are linked with microcephaly; aberrant tRNA methylation links cellular stress to neuro-developmental disorders (EMBO J, 2014).
t6A methylthiolation enzymes (e.g. CDKAL1) are associated with type 2 diabetes risk (Hum Mol Genet, 2014).
METTL1-mediated m7G modification of Arg-TCT tRNA drives oncogenic transformation; METTL1 overexpression drives tumorigenesis in multiple malignancies.
Defects in tRNA modifications and modification enzymes are linked with cardiac conditions and mitochondrial-linked disorders.
Understand how modification enzymes shape tRNA folding, stability, and decoding through their targets.
Method selection depends on the evidence layer you need
| Dimension | NuRNA™ PCR Array | LC-MS Analysis | Modification Seq / TRAC / HAC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Evidence layer | Enzyme & protein factor expression | Global nucleoside modification levels | Modification sites at base resolution |
| Best for | Screening which enzymes change | Quantifying overall modification changes | Confirming specific enzyme targets and sites |
| Output | Expression of 85 enzymes | 55 nucleoside modifications quantified | Site positions, levels, and motifs |
| Recommended RNA | > 5 µg | 10*–15 µg | > 5 µg |
Official Arraystar sample submission requirements for enzyme mechanism projects
Common questions about RNA modifying enzyme target & mechanism studies
Key References for tRNA Modification Enzyme Research
Arraystar combines enzyme expression profiling, global modification quantification, and single-base site mapping — get a quote and a project timeline tailored to your study.