tRNA modifications and tRNA-derived small RNAs are emerging regulators of host-pathogen interactions and immunity. tRNA modification and codon usage control regulate effector secretion in plant pathogens, and engineered tRNAs can inhibit viral replication. Arraystar's solution profiles these layers by tRNA-seq, tRF&tiRNA-seq, and modification sequencing.
tRNA biology at the host-pathogen interface
Unconventional secretion of Magnaporthe oryzae effectors in rice cells is regulated by tRNA modification and codon usage control [1]. Phytophthora capsici infection causes dynamic alterations in tRNA modifications and their associated gene candidates in black pepper [2]. Elp3-mediated codon-dependent translation promotes mTORC2 activation and regulates macrophage polarization [3].
Anticodon engineered transfer RNA (tRNA(SUAG)) inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by promoting the degradation of core protein [4]. Arraystar's host-pathogen solution combines tRNA-seq, tRF&tiRNA-seq, and tRNA modification analysis (LC-MS, Modification Seq, tRNA Charging Seq) to profile these infection- and immunity-associated tRNA dynamics.
This solution profiles tRNA expression, tRNA modifications, and tRF/tiRNA populations in infection and immunity research, using tRNA-seq, tRF&tiRNA-seq, LC-MS, and modification sequencing, to study host-pathogen interactions and immune regulation.
Infection and immunity services — expression, modification, and fragment profiling
| Service Name | Profiling Layer | Price |
|---|---|---|
| tRF&tiRNA Sequencing | tRF/tiRNA expression in infection and immunity | |
| tRNA Sequencing | Comprehensive tRNA expression profiling | |
| tRNA Charging Seq | tRNA expression, modification & charging | |
| LC-MS Based tRNA Modification Analysis | 55 nucleoside modifications (global profile) |
Why choose Arraystar for infection and immunity research
Profile tRNA changes in plant and human pathogens, including effector secretion regulation.
tRNA Charging Seq profiles expression, modification, and charging in one assay.
Elp3-mediated codon-dependent translation and immune cell regulation.
LC-MS quantifies 55 nucleoside modifications in infected versus control samples.
Engineered tRNA studies supported by tRNA expression and modification profiling.
Sequencing, LC-MS, and arrays combine for comprehensive host-pathogen studies.
tRNA and tRF/tiRNA in host-pathogen interactions
tRNAs and their modifications are emerging regulators of host-pathogen interactions. Unconventional secretion of Magnaporthe oryzae effectors in rice cells is regulated by tRNA modification and codon usage control [1]; Phytophthora capsici infection causes dynamic alterations in tRNA modifications and their associated gene candidates in black pepper [2].
In immunity, Elp3-mediated codon-dependent translation promotes mTORC2 activation and regulates macrophage polarization [3]; loss of tRNA-modifying enzyme Elp3 activates a p53-dependent antitumor checkpoint in hematopoiesis [5].
tRFs and tiRNAs perform many biological functions as small noncoding RNAs in infection contexts; engineered transfer RNA (tRNA(SUAG)) inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by promoting the degradation of core protein [4].
From infected or immune samples to tRNA-level insights
RNA quality and quantity assessment before the project proceeds, with small-RNA-retaining purification.
tRNA-seq and/or tRF&tiRNA-seq profile expression changes in infected versus control samples.
LC-MS quantifies global modification changes; tRNA Charging Seq adds modification and charging layers.
Differential analyses with detailed annotations and publication-quality graphics.
Cross-reference expression, modification, and fragment data with infection and immune phenotypes.
Deliverables for host-pathogen projects
Each service includes detailed bioinformatics analyses to facilitate insights into tRNA biology, diseases, and biomarker applications.
Host-pathogen and immunity research applications
tRNA modification and codon usage control regulate unconventional effector secretion in Magnaporthe oryzae (Nat Microbiol, 2023).
Phytophthora capsici infection causes dynamic alterations in tRNA modifications in black pepper (Comput Struct Biotechnol J, 2022).
Elp3-mediated codon-dependent translation promotes mTORC2 activation and regulates macrophage polarization (EMBO J, 2022).
Anticodon engineered transfer RNA inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by promoting core protein degradation (Adv Sci, 2025).
Loss of tRNA-modifying enzyme Elp3 activates a p53-dependent antitumor checkpoint in hematopoiesis (J Exp Med, 2021).
Method selection depends on your research question
| Dimension | tRF&tiRNA Sequencing | tRNA Sequencing | tRNA Charging Seq | LC-MS Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary output | tRF/tiRNA expression | tRNA expression | Expression, modification & charging | 55 nucleoside modifications |
| Best for | Small RNA responses in infection | tRNA pool changes | Integrated tRNA multi-omics | Global modification status |
| Resolution | Fragment-level | Gene-level | Single-nucleotide (predicted) | Nucleoside-level |
| Recommended RNA | > 1 µg | > 2 µg | > 5 µg | 10*–15 µg |
Official Arraystar sample submission requirements for host-pathogen projects
Common questions about host-pathogen interaction & immunity studies
Key References for Host-Pathogen Interaction & Immunity Research
Arraystar profiles tRNA expression, modifications, and tRF/tiRNA responses for host-pathogen and immunity research — get a quote and a project timeline tailored to your study.