On average, there are about three m6A modifications per mRNA [1]. Most m6A modified mRNAs contain only a single m6A site, while some mRNAs can have up to 20 or more [2-5]. A “single-m6A site” has no other m6A sites nearby, either up- or down-stream. For multiple m6A sites, adjacent m6A sites tend to aggregate […]
The Functional Significance of Single and Polymethylated m6A Sites Read More »
In addition to m6A as the most studied prominent internal epitranscriptomic modification in mRNA and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), other epitranscriptomic modifications, such as m1A, m5C, ac4C, m7G, and Ψ, have been increasingly discovered to play novel biological or clinical roles. Arraystar now provides Epitranscriptomic microarray and Epitranscriptomic sequencing services to profile these modifications transcriptome-wide.
CircRNAs are an unusual RNA class exerting their biological functions by regulating gene transcription and splicing [1, 2], encoding small peptides [3, 4], and acting as sponges for miRNAs through their miRNA binding sites [5, 6]. Like in mRNAs, m6A is the most abundant internal epitranscriptomic modification in circRNAs [7]. m6A modification in circRNAs is installed by writers, e.g.
Why Is m6A Modification in Circular RNA Important? Read More »
m6A is the most prominent modification in mRNA epitranscriptomics. Similarly, m6A modification is also abundant in amount, common in occurrence, and functionally important in the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) epitranscriptome (Fig.1) [1, 2]. Figure 1. (A) The numbers of lncRNA transcripts having m6A, m5C or Y modifications. (B) m6A modification frequency along the lncRNA length and
RNA modifications, such as m6A, m1A, m5C, and pseudouridine, together form the epitranscriptome and collectively encode a new layer of gene expression regulation. m6A, the most abundant internal modification in mRNAs and lncRNAs, impacts all aspects of post-transcriptional mRNA/lncRNA metabolism and functions [1]. In addition, m6A are also involved in many other ncRNA functions, including
Why Is Epitranscriptomic Stoichiometry Vital for RNA Modification Study? Read More »
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are intermediate-length small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), ranging from 60 to 300 nt. They are a vital component of small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNPs) [1]. In vertebrates, the snoRNA genes are frequently embedded within the introns of protein coding genes and post-transcriptionally processed [2]. snoRNAs are involved in rRNA processing and regulation of
miRNA and piRNA are two biotypes of non-coding RNA molecules (ncRNA). The sizes of miRNA are tiny around 17nt to 25nt, and piRNA are tiny around 26nt to 32nt. As two kinds of small RNAs, they are not random degradation products but rather RNA biotypes generated by precise biogenesis processes having unique biological features and
Small Regulatory RNAs Small regulatory RNAs are non-coding RNA molecules that play important roles in activation or inhibition of cellular processes. They are 20-31 nt in length and interact with Argonaute family proteins to form effector ribonucleoprotein complexes. Three major classes of small regulatory RNAs have been identified to date: microRNAs (miRNA), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNA)
What Are the Mechanisms of Small RNA Biogenesis? Read More »
Cooperative miRNA Target Prediction In an attempt to highlight potentially significant targets of differentially expressed miRNAs, we identify cooperative miRNA targets for multiple enriched miRNAs using Arraystar’s proprietary miRNA target database (Figure 1). Since a lot of genes are predicted to be targets of numerous miRNAs, miRNA targets are weighted based on their total number
Cooperative miRNA Target Prediction and GO & Pathway Analysis Read More »
The high throughput sequencing technique provides high sensitivity and specificity to analyze the abundance of microRNA sequence in a sample as well as to discover novel microRNA species. Arraystar offers Integrated microRNA Sequencing Service from sequencing library preparation to comprehensive data anlaysis. Our data analysis process generally consists of the following steps, raw data processing, usable reads filtering (including 3′ adapter trimming